Glossary of Technical Terms & Definitions

/ uh-DAP-tiv DEN-si-tee ih-MUL-shun /

A proprietary oil-in-water emulsion architecture used in KannaCo topicals. Unlike standard emulsions, an ADE adjusts its viscosity and delivery behavior in response to skin temperature and mechanical pressure during application. This creates a controlled-release effect — ingredients are dispensed gradually rather than all at once — resulting in a more sustained sensory experience and deeper ingredient penetration over time.

/ uh-LAN-toh-in /

A naturally occurring compound found in the comfrey plant and used widely in cosmetic formulations for its skin-soothing and cell-regenerating properties. Allantoin promotes the shedding of dead skin cells (keratolysis), accelerates healthy tissue formation, and reduces redness and irritation. In topical CBD formulas, it serves as a skin conditioner that makes the delivery surface more receptive to functional ingredients.

/ AR-ni-kuh mon-TAY-nuh /

A flowering alpine plant with centuries of documented use in traditional European herbal medicine. Arnica montana flower extract contains helenalin and other sesquiterpene lactones that have been studied for their ability to support recovery from bruising, muscle soreness, and soft tissue discomfort. In KannaCo Pro Cream, it works synergistically with cannabinoids to support the body's natural recovery response after physical activity or manual therapy.

/ AIR-is-toh-flex AY-VEE-SEE /

A high-performance polymeric emulsifier and rheology modifier used in premium cosmetic formulations. Aristoflex AVC (ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP copolymer) creates a uniquely silky, lightweight texture that distinguishes professional-grade topicals from drugstore alternatives. It stabilizes the emulsion at a wide pH range, ensures uniform ingredient distribution, and delivers the characteristic "luxurious glide" feel that practitioners and patients notice immediately upon application.

/ BAY-tuh kair-ee-OH-fih-leen /

A bicyclic sesquiterpene naturally present in hemp, black pepper, cloves, and hops. Beta-caryophyllene is unique among terpenes because it selectively binds to CB2 receptors in the endocannabinoid system — making it technically a dietary cannabinoid as well as a terpene. This dual identity means it contributes both aromatic properties (earthy, woody, spicy notes) and direct receptor-mediated biological activity. In KannaCo formulas, β-caryophyllene is present at 20mg/mL, contributing meaningfully to the entourage effect.

/ bis-AB-oh-lol /

A naturally occurring monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol found primarily in German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). Bisabolol is prized in cosmetic formulations for its exceptional skin-soothing, anti-irritant, and wound-healing properties. It also functions as a penetration enhancer, helping other functional ingredients — including cannabinoids — cross the stratum corneum more effectively. Its gentle, slightly floral aroma contributes to the overall sensory profile of KannaCo topicals.

/ boz-WEL-ee-uh kuh-TAIR-ee-eye /

The botanical source of frankincense oil, derived from the resin of Boswellia trees native to the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Boswellia contains boswellic acids — triterpenic compounds that have been extensively studied for their ability to inhibit pro-irritation-related enzymes (specifically 5-lipoxygenase). In topical applications, Boswellia carterii oil provides joint and connective tissue support, a warm resinous aroma, and synergistic skin-soothing activity alongside CBD and CBG.

/ BRAWD SPEK-trum /

A hemp extract classification that retains multiple cannabinoids (CBD, CBG, terpenes, and minor cannabinoids) but has had THC removed to non-detectable levels (0.0%). Broad spectrum extracts offer the synergistic benefits of multiple hemp compounds — the entourage effect — without any THC exposure. This makes them the preferred choice for patients subject to drug testing or those who are THC-sensitive. KannaCo Pro Cream and Pro Roll-On are broad spectrum formulations with 0.0% THC.

/ kuh-nab-ih-DY-ol / CAS: 13956-29-1

The most abundant non-intoxicating phytocannabinoid in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). CBD interacts with the endocannabinoid system primarily through indirect mechanisms — modulating CB1 and CB2 receptor signaling, inhibiting FAAH (the enzyme that breaks down anandamide), and activating TRPV1 and serotonin receptors. Topically, CBD is highly skin-compatible, non-comedogenic, and has been studied for its role in supporting skin homeostasis, reducing localized discomfort, and calming irritation-related responses in skin tissue. In KannaCo formulas, CBD is present at 20mg/mL.

/ kuh-nab-ih-JER-ol / CAS: 25654-31-3

Often called the "mother cannabinoid" or "stem cell cannabinoid," CBG is the biosynthetic precursor from which CBD, THC, and CBC are all derived. It exists in very low concentrations in mature hemp plants, making high-concentration CBG extracts significantly more expensive to produce than CBD. CBG has affinity for both CB1 and CB2 receptors, inhibits the reuptake of anandamide, and has been studied for its potential to support neuroprotection, reduce intraocular pressure, and modulate irritation-related pathways. At 2,000mg per 100mL, KannaCo Pro Cream and Pro Roll-On contain one of the highest topical CBG concentrations commercially available.

/ kuh-nab-ih-DY-vuh-rin /

A minor phytocannabinoid structurally analogous to CBD, differing only in the length of its alkyl side chain (propyl vs. pentyl). CBDV is naturally present in full-spectrum hemp extracts at trace concentrations. It is non-intoxicating and has been the subject of clinical research for neurological applications. In KannaCo CBD Cooling Cream, CBDV is present as a natural component of the full-spectrum hemp extract, contributing to the entourage effect alongside CBD, CBG, and β-caryophyllene.

/ kuh-NAB-ih-noyd /

A broad class of chemical compounds that interact with cannabinoid receptors (CB1, CB2) and other receptor systems in the body. Cannabinoids are divided into three categories: phytocannabinoids (plant-derived, e.g., CBD, CBG, THC), endocannabinoids (produced naturally by the body, e.g., anandamide, 2-AG), and synthetic cannabinoids (laboratory-manufactured). All KannaCo products use hemp-derived phytocannabinoids only — no synthetic compounds.

/ kuh-PRIL-ik KAY-prik TRY-glis-er-ide /

A fractionated coconut oil composed of medium-chain fatty acids (C8 caprylic acid and C10 capric acid). It is one of the most widely used carrier oils in premium topical formulations due to its exceptional skin feel, rapid absorption, non-greasy finish, and excellent stability. As a lipophilic (fat-loving) carrier, it is particularly effective at dissolving and delivering cannabinoids — which are also lipophilic — into the skin. Its small molecular size allows it to penetrate the stratum corneum more readily than heavier oils.

/ KAP-sih-kum AN-yoo-um /

An extract from chili peppers containing capsaicinoids — most notably capsaicin — that activate TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1) receptors in sensory nerve endings. This activation produces a warming sensation and, with repeated use, can desensitize discomfort receptors through a process called defunctionalization. Topically, Capsicum annuum fruit extract supports local circulation, enhances the penetration of other functional ingredients into deeper tissue layers, and contributes to the warming sensory profile of Pro Cream.

/ KAIR-ee-er OYL /

A base oil used to dilute concentrated functional ingredients (such as cannabinoids and essential oils) and facilitate their delivery into the skin. Carrier oils are typically plant-derived lipids that are compatible with the skin's natural lipid barrier. Their molecular weight, fatty acid composition, and polarity determine how quickly they absorb, how deeply they penetrate, and how they interact with the skin's microbiome. Common carrier oils in KannaCo formulas include Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (MCT), Jojoba Seed Oil, Evening Primrose Oil, and Rosehip Seed Oil.

/ SEE-BEE-WUN reh-SEP-ter /

Cannabinoid receptor type 1, a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) primarily expressed in the central nervous system — particularly in the brain regions governing discomfort perception, memory, mood, and motor control. CB1 receptors are also found in peripheral nerve endings, the gastrointestinal tract, and the skin. THC produces its psychoactive effects primarily through CB1 agonism. CBD does not directly activate CB1 receptors but modulates their signaling indirectly. Topical cannabinoids interact with CB1 receptors in peripheral nerve endings and skin tissue without reaching systemic circulation.

/ SEE-BEE-TOO reh-SEP-ter /

Cannabinoid receptor type 2, a G-protein coupled receptor predominantly expressed in immune cells, the spleen, tonsils, and peripheral tissues including the skin. CB2 receptors play a central role in regulating irritation-related responses and immune cell migration. Unlike CB1 activation, CB2 agonism does not produce psychoactive effects. CBD, CBG, and β-caryophyllene all have affinity for CB2 receptors, which is why topical cannabinoid formulas are particularly relevant for localized irritation-related discomfort in skin and connective tissue.

/ SER-tih-fih-kit UV uh-NAL-ih-sis /

A third-party laboratory document that verifies the composition and safety of a hemp product. A comprehensive COA includes cannabinoid potency testing (confirming CBD, CBG, THC levels), terpene profiling, heavy metal screening, pesticide residue testing, microbial contamination testing, and residual solvent analysis. KannaCo products are tested by SC Labs (ISO/IEC 17025 accredited), and COAs are publicly accessible via the SC Labs batch database. The COA is the gold standard of transparency in the hemp industry.

/ DER-mis /

The second and thickest layer of skin, located beneath the epidermis and above the subcutaneous fat layer (hypodermis). The dermis contains collagen and elastin fibers (providing structural support), blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, and hair follicles. For topical cannabinoid delivery, reaching the dermis is significant — it is where peripheral cannabinoid receptors, nerve endings, and immune cells reside. Well-formulated topicals with penetration enhancers can deliver functional ingredients to the dermis without entering systemic circulation.

/ dy-METH-ih-kohn /

A silicone-based polymer widely used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical topical formulations as an emollient, skin protectant, and texture modifier. Dimethicone creates a lightweight, non-greasy film on the skin surface that reduces friction, improves spreadability, and protects the skin barrier without clogging pores. In KannaCo Pro Cream, it contributes to the characteristic smooth, clean finish that practitioners value — particularly important for IASTM and manual therapy applications where instrument glide and control are critical.

/ en-doh-kuh-NAB-ih-noyd SIS-tem /

A complex biological signaling network present in all vertebrates, composed of three core components: endocannabinoids (internally produced lipid-based neurotransmitters), cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), and metabolic enzymes (FAAH and MAGL) that synthesize and degrade endocannabinoids. The ECS regulates a wide range of physiological processes including discomfort perception, immune response, irritation, mood, sleep, appetite, and skin homeostasis. The skin has its own local ECS — keratinocytes, sebocytes, and immune cells all express CB1 and CB2 receptors — making it directly responsive to topically applied phytocannabinoids.

/ ih-MOL-yent /

A cosmetic ingredient that softens and smooths the skin by filling in the microscopic gaps between skin cells (corneocytes) in the stratum corneum. Emollients reduce transepidermal water loss (TEWL), improve skin texture, and enhance the spreadability of topical formulas. Unlike humectants (which attract water) or occlusives (which seal moisture in), emollients work by physically smoothing the skin surface. Common emollients in KannaCo formulas include Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Dimethicone, and Jojoba Seed Oil.

/ ih-MUL-sih-fy-er /

A surface-functional agent (surfactant) that stabilizes emulsions by reducing the interfacial tension between oil and water phases. Emulsifiers have a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a lipophilic (oil-loving) tail, allowing them to position at the oil-water interface and prevent phase separation. Without emulsifiers, oil and water would separate immediately. In topical formulations, the choice of emulsifier directly affects texture, stability, skin feel, and ingredient delivery. KannaCo uses Glyceryl Stearate SE, Cetearyl Alcohol, and Aristoflex AVC as primary emulsifiers.

/ ih-MUL-shun /

A thermodynamically unstable but kinetically stable mixture of two immiscible liquids (typically oil and water) held in suspension by an emulsifier. Emulsions are classified as oil-in-water (O/W) — where oil droplets are dispersed in a water continuous phase — or water-in-oil (W/O) — the reverse. Most topical creams and lotions are O/W emulsions, which feel lighter and absorb more readily. The quality of an emulsion determines product stability, texture, ingredient delivery efficiency, and shelf life. KannaCo uses advanced O/W emulsion technology with hyper-emulsion processing for uniform cannabinoid distribution.

/ en-doh-kuh-NAB-ih-noyd / AN-uh-nuh-mide /

Endocannabinoids are lipid-based neurotransmitters produced on demand by the body to activate cannabinoid receptors. The two primary endocannabinoids are anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA) — named from the Sanskrit word "ananda" meaning bliss — and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Anandamide primarily activates CB1 receptors and is rapidly degraded by the enzyme FAAH. CBD inhibits FAAH activity, which effectively prolongs anandamide's presence and action. This is one of the key mechanisms by which CBD supports mood, comfort, and homeostasis.

/ ON-too-rahj ih-FEKT /

A proposed pharmacological phenomenon in which the combined action of multiple cannabis-derived compounds (cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids) produces a greater beneficial effect effect than any single isolated compound. First described by Israeli researcher Dr. Raphael Mechoulam, the entourage effect suggests that the whole plant extract is more effective than its parts. In KannaCo formulas, the combination of CBD, CBG, β-caryophyllene, and botanical terpenes is specifically engineered to maximize this synergistic interaction — which is why KannaCo products are not simple CBD isolate formulas.

/ ep-ih-DER-mis /

The outermost layer of the skin, composed of multiple sublayers (strata) of keratinocytes. From outermost to innermost: stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. The epidermis is the primary physical and chemical barrier protecting the body from environmental insults, pathogens, and water loss. The stratum corneum — the outermost sublayer — is the main obstacle for topical ingredient penetration. Keratinocytes in the epidermis express both CB1 and CB2 receptors, making the epidermis a direct target for topical cannabinoid activity.

/ yoo-KAL-ip-tol / CAS: 470-82-6

The primary terpene in eucalyptus oil, responsible for its characteristic clean, cooling, camphoraceous aroma. Eucalyptol activates TRPM8 (cold-sensitive) receptors, contributing to the cooling sensation in topical formulas. It also functions as a penetration enhancer by transiently disrupting the lipid structure of the stratum corneum, allowing other functional ingredients to penetrate more deeply. In KannaCo formulas, eucalyptol from Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Oil contributes to the cooling sensory layer and supports the delivery of cannabinoids into skin tissue.

/ YOO-jeh-nol / CAS: 97-53-0

A naturally occurring phenylpropanoid found in high concentrations in clove oil, cinnamon leaf, and basil. Eugenol is responsible for the warm, spicy, woody aroma characteristic of clove. It has been studied for its analgesic properties — particularly its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels in sensory nerve fibers — as well as its skin-soothing and antimicrobial activities. In KannaCo formulas, eugenol contributes to the warming sensory layer and synergizes with capsaicin and camphor to create a multi-layered thermal sensation.

/ FAH / FAT-ee AS-id uh-MY-d HY-droh-lays /

The primary enzyme responsible for the degradation of anandamide (AEA) in the endocannabinoid system. FAAH rapidly breaks down anandamide after it has completed its receptor signaling, effectively limiting the duration of endocannabinoid activity. CBD is a well-documented inhibitor of FAAH — by reducing FAAH activity, CBD allows anandamide to remain functional longer, amplifying the body's natural endocannabinoid tone. This is considered one of CBD's primary mechanisms of action for supporting mood, comfort, and homeostasis.

/ FARM BIL /

The Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (commonly called the Farm Bill) federally legalized hemp — defined as Cannabis sativa L. with no more than 0.3% Δ9-THC by dry weight — and removed it from the Controlled Substances Act. This legislation enabled the legal commercial production, processing, and sale of hemp-derived cannabinoids (including CBD and CBG) throughout the United States. All KannaCo products are Farm Bill compliant. CBD Cooling Cream contains <0.3% THC (full spectrum, Farm Bill compliant); Pro Cream and Pro Roll-On contain 0.0% THC (broad spectrum, THC-free).

/ FUL SPEK-trum /

A hemp extract classification that retains the complete natural profile of the hemp plant — including CBD, CBG, CBDV, trace cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and up to 0.3% Δ9-THC. Full spectrum extracts are considered by many researchers to offer the most complete entourage effect because no compounds have been removed. The trace THC is non-psychoactive at these concentrations but may be detectable on sensitive drug tests. KannaCo CBD Cooling Cream is a full spectrum formulation, making it the preferred choice for patients who are not subject to drug testing and want the broadest cannabinoid synergy.

/ GLIS-er-in /

A naturally derived polyol (sugar alcohol) obtained from plant-based triglycerides. Glycerin is one of the most effective and well-studied humectants in cosmetic science — it attracts water from the environment and from deeper skin layers, drawing it to the stratum corneum to maintain optimal hydration. Beyond hydration, glycerin enhances the penetration of other functional ingredients, improves skin elasticity, and supports barrier function. In KannaCo formulas, vegetable-derived glycerin ensures the formula remains plant-based and skin-compatible.

/ HEMP /

The legal and agricultural term for Cannabis sativa L. plants containing no more than 0.3% Δ9-THC by dry weight, as defined by the 2018 Farm Bill. Hemp has been cultivated for thousands of years for fiber, seed, and medicinal purposes. Modern hemp varieties have been selectively bred to produce high concentrations of CBD, CBG, and other non-intoxicating cannabinoids. All cannabinoids used in KannaCo products are derived from U.S.-grown hemp, ensuring Farm Bill compliance and legal status in all 50 states.

/ hyoo-MEK-tant /

A class of cosmetic ingredients that attract and bind water molecules, drawing moisture from the environment and from deeper skin layers (dermis) to the stratum corneum. Humectants are essential for maintaining skin hydration, improving skin texture, and supporting barrier function. Unlike emollients (which smooth the skin surface) or occlusives (which seal moisture in), humectants actively pull water into the skin. Key humectants in KannaCo formulas include Glycerin, Sodium Hyaluronate (Hyaluronic Acid), and Propanediol.

/ hy-uh-lyoo-RON-ik AS-id /

A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found abundantly in connective tissue, synovial fluid, and the skin's extracellular matrix. Hyaluronic acid is renowned for its extraordinary water-binding capacity — a single molecule can hold up to 1,000 times its own weight in water. In topical formulations, the sodium salt form (sodium hyaluronate) is used for its smaller molecular size and superior skin penetration. It functions as both a humectant and a carrier enhancer, drawing functional ingredients deeper into the skin while simultaneously providing intense hydration and plumping effects.

/ HY-per ih-MUL-shun /

A proprietary high-energy emulsification process used by KannaCo to fully dissolve and uniformly disperse cannabinoids throughout the entire formula matrix. Standard topical formulations often involve mixing CBD isolate into a pre-made base — a process that can result in uneven distribution and inconsistent dosing. Hyper-emulsion creates sub-micron droplet sizes that ensure every pump delivers the same precise cannabinoid concentration. This is a critical differentiator for clinical applications where dosing consistency is essential.

/ IN-see /

The internationally standardized naming system for cosmetic ingredients, established by the Personal Care Products Council (PCPC) and recognized by regulatory authorities worldwide. INCI names are used on cosmetic product labels to ensure consumers and professionals can identify ingredients regardless of brand or country of origin. For example, the INCI name for CBD is "Cannabidiol," for CBG is "Cannabigerol," and for jojoba oil is "Simmondsia Chinensis Seed Oil." All KannaCo product labels use INCI nomenclature in compliance with FDA cosmetic labeling requirements.

/ EYE-soh-layt /

A purified, single-compound cannabinoid extract in which all other plant material — terpenes, flavonoids, minor cannabinoids, chlorophyll, waxes — has been removed, resulting in a 99%+ pure crystalline or powder form. CBD isolate and CBG isolate are used in KannaCo Pro Cream and Pro Roll-On specifically because they enable precise dosing (2,000mg each, exactly), guaranteed 0.0% THC, and consistent batch-to-batch quality. While isolates lack the entourage effect of full or broad spectrum extracts, the KannaCo formula compensates by incorporating terpenes and botanical compounds that restore synergistic activity.

/ hoh-HOH-buh /

Technically a liquid wax ester (not a true oil) extracted from the seeds of the jojoba shrub (Simmondsia chinensis), native to the Sonoran Desert. Jojoba's unique molecular structure closely mimics the skin's natural sebum, making it exceptionally biocompatible and non-comedogenic. It is highly stable (resistant to oxidation), absorbs readily without leaving a greasy residue, and has a natural affinity for the skin's lipid matrix. As a carrier in KannaCo formulas, jojoba enhances cannabinoid absorption and supports the skin barrier without disrupting the microbiome.

/ keh-RAT-ih-noh-syt /

The predominant cell type in the epidermis, comprising approximately 90% of all epidermal cells. Keratinocytes produce keratin — the structural protein that gives skin its mechanical strength and waterproofing properties. As they mature and migrate outward from the basal layer to the stratum corneum, they undergo programmed cell death (cornification) to form the protective outer barrier. Critically for topical cannabinoid science, keratinocytes express both CB1 and CB2 receptors, making them direct targets for topically applied phytocannabinoids.

/ LEJ-it-skript /

An independent certification from LegitScript, a third-party compliance company that verifies the legitimacy and regulatory compliance of healthcare merchants, pharmacies, and CBD/hemp businesses. LegitScript certification requires rigorous review of business practices, product labeling, ingredient compliance, and marketing claims. It is recognized by major payment processors, advertising platforms, and healthcare institutions as a mark of trust and legal compliance. KannaCo is LegitScript certified — one of the most important trust signals for practitioners considering carrying CBD products in a clinical setting.

/ LIM-oh-neen / CAS: 5989-27-5

A monocyclic monoterpene and the primary aroma compound in citrus peel (lemons, oranges, limes). Limonene is one of the most abundant terpenes in cannabis and hemp, contributing a bright, uplifting citrus note to the aromatic profile. Beyond its sensory contribution, limonene has been studied as a penetration enhancer — it interacts with the lipid bilayers of the stratum corneum to transiently increase permeability, facilitating the delivery of other functional ingredients into deeper skin layers. It also has documented antioxidant and mood-supporting properties.

/ lip-oh-FIL-ik /

A chemical property describing molecules that preferentially dissolve in fats, oils, and non-polar solvents rather than in water. Cannabinoids (CBD, CBG, THC) are highly lipophilic, which has significant implications for topical delivery. The skin's stratum corneum is also predominantly lipophilic (composed of ceramides, fatty acids, and cholesterol), which means lipophilic molecules can penetrate it more readily than hydrophilic ones. However, this also means cannabinoids must be properly emulsified to be delivered from a water-based cream — which is why emulsion technology is critical to topical cannabinoid efficacy.

/ MEN-thol / CAS: 89-78-1

A cyclic terpene alcohol derived from peppermint (Mentha piperita) and other mint species. Menthol produces its characteristic cooling sensation by directly activating TRPM8 (transient receptor potential melastatin 8) receptors — cold-sensitive ion channels in sensory nerve endings — without actually lowering tissue temperature. This creates an immediate, intense cooling signal that serves as a fast-acting sensory relief indicator. In KannaCo formulas, menthol is used as an functional agent for its rapid onset cooling effect, working in concert with eucalyptol and peppermint oil for a layered, sustained cooling experience.

/ MY-ner kuh-NAB-ih-noyd /

A collective term for cannabinoids present in hemp at low concentrations relative to CBD and THC. Minor cannabinoids include CBDV (cannabidivarin), CBC (cannabichromene), CBN (cannabinol), THCV (tetrahydrocannabivarin), CBDA (cannabidiolic acid), and others. While individually present in trace amounts, minor cannabinoids are believed to contribute meaningfully to the entourage effect in full spectrum extracts. Research into minor cannabinoids is an functional and rapidly growing area of cannabinoid science.

/ MOH-kruh /

The Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act of 2022 — the most significant update to U.S. cosmetic regulation since the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938. MoCRA requires cosmetic manufacturers to register facilities with the FDA, submit product listings, maintain safety substantiation records, report serious adverse events, and comply with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards. KannaCo products are fully MoCRA compliant, ensuring practitioners can carry and recommend them with confidence in their regulatory standing.

/ pen-eh-TRAY-shun en-HAN-ser /

An ingredient that temporarily and reversibly increases the permeability of the stratum corneum, facilitating the deeper delivery of functional compounds into the skin. Penetration enhancers work through several mechanisms: disrupting the ordered lipid bilayer structure of the stratum corneum, increasing the fluidity of intercellular lipids, or interacting with keratin proteins to create transient pathways for ingredient passage. Key penetration enhancers in KannaCo formulas include Limonene, Eucalyptol, Bisabolol, Propanediol, and Sodium Hyaluronate. Their combined action is what enables cannabinoids to reach peripheral nerve endings and CB receptors in the dermis.

/ fy-toh-kuh-NAB-ih-noyd /

A cannabinoid produced naturally by the cannabis (hemp) plant, as distinguished from endocannabinoids (produced by the human body) or synthetic cannabinoids (laboratory-manufactured). Over 100 phytocannabinoids have been identified in cannabis, with CBD, CBG, THC, CBC, and CBN being the most studied. Phytocannabinoids interact with the human endocannabinoid system because of their structural similarity to endogenous endocannabinoids — a remarkable example of molecular mimicry between plant and human biochemistry. All functional cannabinoids in KannaCo products are phytocannabinoids derived from U.S.-grown hemp.

/ proh-PAN-ee-dye-ol /

A plant-derived glycol (1,3-propanediol) used in cosmetic formulations as a humectant, solvent, and penetration enhancer. Unlike propylene glycol (a petroleum-derived alternative), propanediol is produced from corn-derived glucose through fermentation, making it a more sustainable and skin-friendly option. It improves the skin feel of formulas, enhances the solubility of functional ingredients, and facilitates their delivery through the stratum corneum. In KannaCo formulas, propanediol contributes to the lightweight, fast-absorbing texture while supporting cannabinoid penetration.

/ ree-OL-oh-jee /

The scientific study of how materials flow and deform under applied force. In cosmetic formulation, rheology determines the texture, viscosity, spreadability, and application behavior of creams, gels, and lotions. A product's rheological profile directly affects the user experience — how it feels when dispensed, how it spreads during application, how quickly it absorbs, and what residue (if any) it leaves. Rheology modifiers like Aristoflex AVC and Xanthan Gum are used in KannaCo formulas to achieve the precise texture and application characteristics required for both consumer and clinical use.

/ SKIN BAIR-ee-er / STRA-tum KOR-nee-um /

The outermost sublayer of the epidermis, composed of 15–20 layers of flattened, dead keratinocytes (corneocytes) embedded in a lipid matrix of ceramides, cholesterol, and fatty acids. Often described as a "brick and mortar" structure, the stratum corneum is the primary physical barrier against water loss (transepidermal water loss, TEWL) and the penetration of external substances. For topical cannabinoid delivery, the stratum corneum is the main obstacle — its dense lipid structure limits the passage of most molecules. Penetration enhancers and advanced emulsion technology are used to overcome this barrier and deliver cannabinoids to the dermis where receptors reside.

/ SOH-dee-um hy-uh-lyoo-RON-ayt /

The sodium salt form of hyaluronic acid, used in cosmetic formulations for its superior skin penetration compared to the parent molecule. Sodium hyaluronate has a smaller molecular weight than hyaluronic acid, allowing it to penetrate the epidermis more effectively and deliver hydration to deeper skin layers. It functions as a humectant (attracting and binding water), a carrier enhancer (facilitating the delivery of co-formulated actives), and a skin-plumping agent. In KannaCo formulas, it serves the dual purpose of enhancing cannabinoid delivery and providing meaningful skin hydration benefits.

/ SIN-er-jee /

A pharmacological phenomenon in which the combined effect of two or more compounds is greater than the sum of their individual effects. Synergy is central to the entourage effect in cannabinoid science — the reason why full and broad spectrum formulas outperform single-isolate products. In KannaCo formulas, synergy operates at multiple levels: CBD + CBG work synergistically at the receptor level; β-caryophyllene amplifies CB2 activity; penetration enhancers like limonene and bisabolol increase the bioavailability of cannabinoids; and botanical extracts like arnica and boswellia provide complementary skin-soothing support.

/ TER-peen /

A large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic compounds produced by plants, fungi, and some insects. Terpenes are responsible for the characteristic aromas of most plants — from lavender to pine to citrus — and have evolved primarily as chemical defenses against herbivores and pathogens. In hemp and cannabis, over 200 terpenes have been identified. Beyond their aromatic properties, terpenes have direct biological activity: they can modulate neurotransmitter systems, act as penetration enhancers, exhibit skin-soothing properties, and interact with cannabinoid receptors. The terpene profile of a hemp extract is a key determinant of its wellness-supporting character.

/ TEE-aych-SEE / del-tuh-9-tet-ruh-hy-droh-kuh-NAB-ih-nol /

The primary psychoactive cannabinoid in cannabis, responsible for the intoxicating "high" associated with marijuana use. THC produces its effects primarily through direct agonism of CB1 receptors in the central nervous system. Under the 2018 Farm Bill, hemp is legally defined as Cannabis sativa L. containing no more than 0.3% Δ9-THC by dry weight. KannaCo CBD Cooling Cream contains <0.3% THC (full spectrum, Farm Bill compliant and non-psychoactive at this concentration). KannaCo Pro Cream and Pro Roll-On contain 0.0% THC (broad spectrum, completely THC-free and safe for drug-tested individuals).

/ toh-KOF-er-ol /

A fat-soluble antioxidant and the most biologically active form of Vitamin E. In topical formulations, tocopherol serves a dual role: as a skin-protective antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals and reduces oxidative stress in skin cells, and as a formula stabilizer that prevents the oxidation of lipid-based ingredients (carrier oils, essential oils) during storage. It also has emollient properties and supports skin barrier function. In KannaCo formulas, tocopherol protects both the skin and the formula's functional ingredients from degradation, contributing to the product's 24-month shelf life.

/ TOP-ih-kul / tranz-DER-mul /

Two distinct categories of skin-applied products with fundamentally different delivery objectives. Topical products are designed to deliver functional ingredients to local skin tissue — the epidermis and dermis — without crossing into systemic circulation. The goal is localized effect at the site of application. Transdermal products are specifically engineered to cross the skin barrier and enter the bloodstream for systemic distribution (e.g., nicotine patches, hormone patches). KannaCo products are topical — they deliver cannabinoids to local skin tissue, peripheral nerve endings, and CB receptors in the dermis, without systemic absorption. This is why topical CBD does not produce psychoactive effects even when full spectrum.

/ TEE-AR-PEE-VEE-WUN /

Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 — a non-selective cation channel (ion channel) expressed in sensory neurons and skin cells that responds to heat (>43°C), acidic pH, and chemical agonists including capsaicin. TRPV1 is a key mediator of discomfort and thermal sensation. CBD is a documented TRPV1 agonist, which contributes to its ability to modulate discomfort perception. Capsicum annuum (capsaicin) in KannaCo Pro Cream activates TRPV1, producing the warming sensation and, with repeated use, desensitizing discomfort-transmitting nerve fibers through receptor defunctionalization.

/ TEE-AR-PEE-EM-AYT /

Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8 — a cold-sensitive ion channel expressed in sensory neurons that is activated by temperatures below approximately 25°C and by chemical agonists including menthol, eucalyptol, and icilin. TRPM8 is the primary molecular receptor responsible for the cooling sensation produced by topical cooling agents. When menthol or eucalyptol binds to TRPM8, it triggers the same neural signal as actual cold temperature — producing the characteristic cooling sensation without lowering tissue temperature. This is the precise mechanism behind the cooling layer in KannaCo CBD Cooling Cream.